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Greenhouse gas emissions comprise carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride and nitrogen trifluoride. The data are calculated using locally regulated methods where they exist. Where there is no locally regulated method, the data are calculated using the 2009 API Compendium, which is the recognised industry standard under the GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard. There are inherent limitations to the accuracy of such data. Oil and gas industry guidelines (IPIECA/API/IOGP) indicate that a number of sources of uncertainty can contribute to the overall uncertainty of a corporate emissions inventory. 2015 and 2016 emissions are calculated using Global Warming Potential factors from the IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report. Data for prior years were calculated using Global Warming Potential factors from the IPCC’s Second Assessment Report.

These emissions were calculated using the market-based approach in line with the GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard.

The term upstream in this context includes assets and activities from our Upstream, Integrated Gas and Oil Sands.

Nigeria includes SPDC onshore operations (0.4 million tonnes flared in 2016) and SNEPCo offshore operations (0.1 million tonnes flared in 2016).

Flaring from the Majnoon field in Iraq and from Malaysia amounted to 0.9 and 0.1 million tonnes of hydrocarbons respectively in 2016.

Since 2012, data are prepared in accordance with IPIECA/API/IOGP guidance 2010. Data for prior years are not directly comparable.

The data include mining and upgrading operations. The data do not include in-situ production.

Data are indexed to 2002, based on Solomon Associates Energy Intensity Index 2006 methodology.

Increase in NO_x emissions in 2016 was primarily driven by inclusion of former BG assets in our portfolio as of February 1st, 2016.

All spill volumes and numbers are for spills over 100 kilograms. Due to the rounding of numbers, spill volumes for Nigeria and the rest of the world might not add up to the exact total volume of spills.

As of the end of March 2017, there were five spills under investigation in Nigeria that may result in adjustments.

All sabotage- and theft-related spills have occurred in Nigeria except in 2016 (0.001 thousand tonnes), 2015 (0.005 thousand tonnes), and 2007 (0.7 thousand tonnes).

Nigeria includes SPDC onshore operations and SNEPCo offshore operations. A single spill at the Bonga field offshore Nigeria amounted to 4.8 thousand tonnes in 2011.

Nigeria includes SPDC onshore operations (5 operational spills in 2016) and SNEPCo offshore operations (2 operational spills in 2016).

In 2016, we sent waste offsite for recycling or reuse, or sold around 650 thousand tonnes of material that would otherwise have been disposed of as waste.