Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) comprise carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride and nitrogen trifluoride. The data are calculated using locally regulated methods where they exist. Where there is no locally regulated method, the data are calculated using the 2021 API Compendium, which is the recognised industry standard under the GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard. There are inherent limitations to the accuracy of such data. Oil and gas industry guidelines (Ipieca, API and IOGP) indicate that several sources of uncertainty can contribute to the overall uncertainty of a corporate emissions inventory. We have estimated the overall uncertainty for our direct GHG emissions to be around 4% for 2023.
GHG emissions were calculated using global warming potential (GWP) factors from the IPCC's Fifth Assessment Report. For comparison, our Scope 1 emissions would have been 50 million tonnes in 2023 if we were to use GWPs from the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report.
GHG emissions in this table do not include carbon credits.

We estimated the uncertainty of our 2023 Scope 2 GHG emissions to be around 8% for the market-based method and 7% for the location-based method.

The net carbon intensity calculation uses Shell's energy product sales volume data, as disclosed in the Annual Report and Sustainability Report. This excludes certain contracts held for trading purposes and is reported net rather than gross. Business-specific methodologies for net volumes have been applied to oil products, pipeline gas and power. Paper trades that do not result in physical product delivery are excluded. Retail sales volumes from markets where Shell operates under trademark licensing agreements are also excluded from the scope of Shell's net carbon intensity metric.
Acquisitions and divestments are included in the actual performance tracking with the target and baseline year unchanged. Note that acquisitions and divestments could have a material impact on meeting the targets.

Includes Upstream and Integrated Gas businesses.

We have updated some of our historical figures following a review of the data.

Data are indexed to 2002, based on Solomon Associates Energy Intensity Index methodology.

All spill volumes and numbers are for hydrocarbon spills of more than 100 kilograms to the environment (land or water). We have updated some of our historical figures following a review of the data.

All sabotage- and theft-related spills in 2019-23 occurred in Nigeria except for one in 2023 in Australia.

Nigeria includes SPDC onshore operations and SNEPCo offshore operations.
Nigeria includes SPDC onshore operations (9 operational spills in 2023) and SNEPCo offshore operations (no operational spills in 2022).

This category reflects the spills caused by exceptional natural events, such as hurricanes and earthquakes. Data for 2021 reflect the impact of Hurricane Ida.

Nigeria includes SPDC onshore operations and SNEPCo offshore operations.

Fresh-water figures do not include once-through cooling water. Breakdown may not add up to the total due to rounding.

Split between Nigeria and the rest of the world may not add up to the total due to rounding.