Greenhouse gas and energy data

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Net carbon intensity (NCI)

Unit

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

Ipieca

SASB

GRI

NET CARBON INTENSITY [A] [B]

Net carbon intensity

gCO₂e/MJ

74

76

77

75

78

–

Estimated total energy delivered by Shell

Trillion (10^12) MJ

16.07

16.29

17.89

18.40

21.05

–

Share of energy delivered per energy product type [C] [D] [E]

Oil products and gas-to-liquids

%

44

45

47

56

–

Gas

%

20

22

25

21

17

–

Liquefied natural gas

%

21

20

18

19

18

–

Biofuels

%

1

–

Power

%

14

12

9

–

Total estimated greenhouse gas emissions covered by the net carbon intensity calculation [F] [G]

Million tonnes CO₂e

1,185

1,240

1,375

1,384

1,646

–

Carbon intensity of energy products type [H] [I]

Oil products and gas-to-liquids

gCO₂e/MJ

91

89

–

Gas

gCO₂e/MJ

66

65

66

67

66

–

Liquefied natural gas

gCO₂e/MJ

70

71

–

Biofuels

gCO₂e/MJ

39

41

38

39

–

Power

gCO₂e/MJ

49

58

66

48

57

–

[A]	The net carbon intensity calculation uses Shell’s energy product sales volume data, as disclosed in the Annual Report and Sustainability Report. This excludes certain contracts held for trading purposes and is reported net rather than gross. Business-specific methodologies for net volumes have been applied to oil products, pipeline gas and power. Paper trades that do not result in physical product delivery are excluded. Retail sales volumes from markets where Shell operates under trademark licensing agreements are also excluded from the scope of Shell’s net carbon intensity metric.
[B]	Acquisitions and divestments are included in the actual performance tracking with the target and baseline year unchanged. Note that acquisitions and divestments could have a material impact on meeting the targets.
[C]	Percentage of delivered energy may not add up to 100% because of rounding.
[D]	Total volume of energy products sold by Shell, aggregated on an energy basis, with electricity represented as fossil equivalents. This value is derived from energy product sales figures disclosed by Shell in the Annual Report and the Sustainability Report.
[E]	Lower heating values are used for the energy content of the different products. A fossil-equivalence approach is used to account for electrical energy, in order to assess electrical energy on the same basis as our other energy products.
[F]	Total CO₂e emissions estimated using Shell's Net Carbon Footprint value and the estimate of total delivered energy. Note, this estimated value is calculated from the portfolio average intensity value, which is determined in Shell's Net Carbon Footprint calculation. Total CO₂e emissions are only intended to give an indication of the scope of the emissions included within Shell's Net Carbon Footprint and do not represent an inventory of emissions. Carbon offsets were included in the total estimated GHG emissions covered by the Net Carbon Footprint calculation.
[G]	These numbers include well-to-wheel emissions associated with energy products sold by Shell, on an equity boundary basis; they also include the well-to-tank emissions associated with the manufacturing of energy products by others that are sold by Shell. Emissions associated with the manufacturing and use of non-energy products are excluded.
[H]	Emissions included in the carbon intensity of power have been calculated using the market-based method.
[I]	The carbon intensity of biofuels reflects the global average for biofuels sold by Shell for 2023.

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Scope 1 GHG emissions (operational control) [A] [B] [C] [D]

Unit

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

Ipieca

SASB

GRI

Direct GHG emissions (Scope 1)

Million tonnes CO₂e

50

51

60

63

70

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

Million tonnes

49

58

61

67

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Methane (CH₄)

Thousand tonnes

41

40

55

67

91

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Nitrous oxide (N₂O)

Thousand tonnes

1

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)

Tonnes

19

26

25

30

29

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF₆)

Tonnes

0.01

0.01

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Perfluorocarbons (PFC)

Tonnes

0

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃)

Tonnes

0

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Scope 1 emissions by business [E]

Integrated Gas and Upstream

Million tonnes CO₂e

22.7

22.6

27.0

26.8

29.3

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Downstream, Renewables and Energy Solutions

Million tonnes CO₂e

27.1

27.9

32.8

36.0

40.2

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Refining [F]

Million tonnes CO₂e

14.6

14.8

20.1

23.4

28.0

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Chemicals

Million tonnes CO₂e

10.8

11.5

11.0

10.8

10.5

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Other Downstream [G]

Million tonnes CO₂e

1.7

1.6

1.8

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Other [H]

Million tonnes CO₂e

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.2

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Scope 1 emissions by country

USA

Million tonnes CO₂e

10.0

10.0

12.9

15.8

19.4

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Middle East

Million tonnes CO₂e

9.0

8.0

8.9

8.5

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Netherlands

Million tonnes CO₂e

6.0

7.0

7.3

7.1

7.0

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Singapore

Million tonnes CO₂e

4.0

4.0

5.4

5.6

5.9

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Australia

Million tonnes CO₂e

5.0

5.0

3.9

6.6

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Canada

Million tonnes CO₂e

5.0

4.0

5.0

5.8

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Nigeria

Million tonnes CO₂e

2.0

3.0

5.0

4.7

4.2

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Germany

Million tonnes CO₂e

3.0

3.0

3.2

3.3

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Malaysia

Million tonnes CO₂e

2.0

2.0

2.3

2.6

2.4

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

United Kingdom

Million tonnes CO₂e

2.0

2.0

1.7

2.0

2.1

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

International waters

Million tonnes CO₂e

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.6

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Rest of the world

Million tonnes CO₂e

1.0

1.0

2.2

2.8

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Scope 1 emissions by source

CO₂ emissions

Million tonnes

49

58

61

67

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.2

305-1

Combustion

Million tonnes

40

41

47

50

53

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.2

305-1

Flaring

Million tonnes

4

5

4

7

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.2

305-1

Venting and process

Million tonnes

4

6

8

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.2

305-1

Fugitives

Million tonnes

0

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.2

305-1

CH₄ emissions

Thousand tonnes

41

40

55

67

91

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.2

305-1

Combustion

Thousand tonnes

4

6

7

11

13

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.2

305-1

Flaring

Thousand tonnes

10

12

19

15

19

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.2

305-1

Venting and process

Thousand tonnes

22

16

22

29

44

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.2

305-1

Fugitives

Thousand tonnes

5

6

7

12

15

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.2

305-1

Other greenhouse gases

Million tonnes CO₂e

0.2

0.2

0.3

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.2

305-1

Methane (CH₄) emissions

Methane emissions in CO₂ equivalent [I]

Million tonnes CO₂e

1.1

1.0

1.4

1.7

2.3

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Methane emissions intensity - assets with marketed gas

%

0.05

0.05

0.06

0.08

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Methane emissions intensity - assets without marketed gas

%

0.001

0.01

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Upstream flaring [J]

GHG emissions from flaring

Million tonnes CO₂e

2.8

3.0

4.5

3.8

5.9

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.2

305-1

Total hydrocarbons flared

Million tonnes

0.7

0.8

1.3

1.1

1.8

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.2

305-1

Nigeria

Million tonnes

0.4

0.4

0.8

0.6

0.7

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.2

305-1

Rest of the world

Million tonnes

0.3

0.4

0.5

1.2

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.2

305-1

Total hydrocarbons flared - routine

Million tonnes

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.5

–

Total hydrocarbons flared - non-routine

Million tonnes

0.6

0.7

1.0

0.8

1.4

–

Upstream flaring intensity [K]

%

0.5

0.6

0.8

0.6

0.9

–

GHG emissions from exported energy [L]

Million tonnes CO₂e

1.9

2.0

3.0

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.2

305-1

[A]	Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) comprise carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride and nitrogen trifluoride. The data are calculated using locally regulated methods where they exist. Where there is no locally regulated method, the data are calculated using the 2021 API Compendium, which is the recognised industry standard under the GHG Protocol Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard. There are inherent limitations to the accuracy of such data. Oil and gas industry guidelines (Ipieca, API and IOGP) indicate that several sources of uncertainty can contribute to the overall uncertainty of a corporate emissions inventory. We have estimated the overall uncertainty for our direct GHG emissions to be around 4% for 2023.
[B]	2023 GHG emissions were calculated using global warming potential (GWP) factors from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. Data from prior years were calculated using GWP factors from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. For comparison, our Scope 1 emissions would have been 50 million tonnes in 2023 if we were to use GWPs from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.
[C]	GHG emissions in this table do not include carbon credits.
[D]	Split by business or country may not add up to the total due to rounding.
[E]	Scope 1 emissions by business for 2019 to 2022 have been restated to reflect the combination of the Integrated Gas and Upstream businesses into a single Integrated Gas and Upstream Directorate, and the Downstream and Renewables and Energy Solutions businesses into a new Downstream, Renewables and Energy Solutions Directorate in July 2023.
[F]	Includes the Scotford Upgrader and Quest carbon capture and storage. Excludes CO₂ captured and sequestered by Quest, but Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions from operating Quest are included.
[G]	Includes emissions from other downstream assets and activities (e.g. shipping, lubricants, Trading and Supply, and Renewables and Energy Solutions).
[H]	Includes emissions from assets and activities reported by the Projects & Technology business and Global Functions.
[I]	2023 methane emissions were converted to CO₂ equivalents using GWPs from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report. Data from prior years were calculated using GWP factors from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report. For comparison, our methane emissions would have been 1.0 million tonnes in CO₂ equivalents in 2023 if we were to use GWPs from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.
[J]	Includes Upstream and Integrated Gas businesses.
[K]	Calculated as total hydrocarbons flared divided by the sum of total oil and gas wellhead production, LNG and GTL production x 100%.
[L]	GHG emissions related to energy production (in the form of electricity, heat or steam) exported to another facility or the public grid. This metric is a subset of our Scope 1 GHG emissions.

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Scope 2 GHG emissions (operational control) [A] [B]

Unit

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

Ipieca

SASB

GRI

Scope 2 emissions - market-based method

Million tonnes CO₂e

7

8

10

CCE-4

–

305-2

Scope 2 emissions - location-based method

Million tonnes CO₂e

8

9

10

11

CCE-4

–

305-2

Scope 2 emissions by business (market-based method) [C]

Integrated Gas and Upstream

Million tonnes CO₂e

1.9

1.9

2.0

2.1

2.7

3.7

CCE-4

–

305-2

Downstream, Renewables and Energy Solutions

Million tonnes CO₂e

5.1

5.4

5.5

6.0

6.9

6.8

CCE-4

–

305-2

Other

Million tonnes CO₂e

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.3

CCE-4

–

305-2

Scope 2 emissions by country (market-based method)

USA

Million tonnes CO₂e

2.2

2.3

2.6

3.0

3.1

CCE-4

–

305-2

Netherlands

Million tonnes CO₂e

1.1

1.5

1.4

1.7

CCE-4

–

305-2

Australia

Million tonnes CO₂e

1.6

1.4

1.3

1.4

1.6

CCE-4

–

305-2

Canada

Million tonnes CO₂e

1.1

1.0

1.2

1.3

2.3

CCE-4

–

305-2

Singapore

Million tonnes CO₂e

0.5

0.6

0.5

CCE-4

–

305-2

Germany

Million tonnes CO₂e

0.3

0.2

0.3

CCE-4

–

305-2

Rest of the world

Million tonnes CO₂e

0.2

0.2

0.3

CCE-4

–

305-2

Scope 2 emissions by business (location-based method) [C]

Integrated Gas and Upstream

Million tonnes CO₂e

2.7

2.8

3.2

3.3

3.8

3.6

–

305-2

Downstream, Renewables and Energy Solutions

Million tonnes CO₂e

5.2

5.4

5.5

6.2

7.1

6.8

–

305-2

Other

Million tonnes CO₂e

0.1

0.2

–

305-2

Scope 2 emissions by country (location-based method)

USA

Million tonnes CO₂e

2.2

2.3

2.6

3.1

3.2

3.4

CCE-4

–

305-2

Australia

Million tonnes CO₂e

2.2

2.3

2.5

2.6

2.4

CCE-4

–

305-2

Netherlands

Million tonnes CO₂e

1.3

1.3

1.4

1.3

1.6

1.7

CCE-4

–

305-2

Canada

Million tonnes CO₂e

1.1

1.0

1.2

1.4

2.3

2.0

CCE-4

–

305-2

Singapore

Million tonnes CO₂e

0.5

0.6

0.5

CCE-4

–

305-2

Germany

Million tonnes CO₂e

0.3

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.3

CCE-4

–

305-2

Rest of the world

Million tonnes CO₂e

0.4

0.3

0.4

CCE-4

–

305-2

[A]	Split by business or country may not add up to the total due to rounding.
[B]	We estimated the uncertainty of our 2023 Scope 2 GHG emissions to be around 8% for the market-based method and 7% for the location-based method.
[C]	Scope 2 emissions by business for the market and location-based methods for 2019 to 2022 have been restated to reflect the combination of the Integrated Gas and Upstream businesses into a single Integrated Gas and Upstream Directorate, and the Downstream and Renewables and Energy Solutions businesses into a new Downstream, Renewables and Energy Solutions Directorate in July 2023.

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GHG intensities (operational control)

Unit

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

Ipieca

SASB

GRI

Upstream and Integrated Gas GHG intensity [A]

Tonne CO₂e/tonne production

0.180

0.179

0.172

0.159

0.168

CCE-4

–

305-4

Upstream and Integrated Gas GHG intensity [B]

kg CO₂e/boe

23

22

21

22

CCE-4

–

305-4

Refinery GHG intensity [C]

Tonne CO₂e/UEDC^TM

0.98

0.98

1.05

1.06

CCE-4

–

305-4

Chemical GHG intensity [D]

Tonne CO₂e/tonne production

1.00

1.00

0.95

0.98

1.04

CCE-4

–

305-4

[A]	In tonnes of Scope 1 and Scope 2 GHG emissions per tonne of oil and gas available for sale, liquefied natural gas and gas-to-liquids production in Integrated Gas and Upstream. The figure for 2021 does not include Prelude floating liquefied natural gas.
[B]	In kilograms of Scope 1 and Scope 2 GHG emissions per boe of oil and gas available for sale, liquefied natural gas and gas-to-liquids production in Integrated Gas and Upstream. The figure for 2021 does not include Prelude floating liquefied natural gas.
[C]	Utilised equivalent distillation capacity (UEDC) is a proprietary metric of Solomon Associates. It is a complexity-weighted normalisation parameter that reflects the operating cost intensity of a refinery based on size and configuration of its particular mix of process and non-process facilities.
[D]	Chemical GHG intensity refers to high-value chemicals, which include olefin products (ethylene and propylene) plus the contained butadiene, benzene, acetylene and high-purity hydrogen production.

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Scope 1 and 2 GHG emissions (equity boundary) [A] [B]

Unit

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

Ipieca

SASB

GRI

Direct GHG emissions (Scope 1)

Million tonnes CO₂e

81

82

91

98

105

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Integrated Gas and Upstream

Million tonnes CO₂e

38.4

39.8

42.8

44.3

47.7

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Downstream, Renewables and Energy Solutions

Million tonnes CO₂e

42.3

42.1

47.8

53.4

57.3

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Other

Million tonnes CO₂e

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.2

CCE-4

EM-EP-110a.1

305-1

Scope 2 emissions (market-based method)

Million tonnes CO₂e

8

9

11

CCE-4

–

305-2

Integrated Gas and Upstream

Million tonnes CO₂e

1.8

1.8

2.3

CCE-4

–

305-2

Downstream, Renewables and Energy Solutions

Million tonnes CO₂e

6.0

6.3

6.7

7.1

8.0

CCE-4

–

305-2

Other

Million tonnes CO₂e

0.1

0.1

0.2

CCE-4

–

305-2

Scope 2 emissions (location-based method)

Million tonnes CO₂e

8

9

10

12

–

Integrated Gas and Upstream

Million tonnes CO₂e

2.2

2.3

2.6

2.5

3.0

CCE-4

–

305-2

Downstream, Renewables and Energy Solutions

Million tonnes CO₂e

6.1

6.5

7.0

7.6

8.3

CCE-4

–

305-2

Other

Million tonnes CO₂e

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.2

CCE-4

–

305-2

[A] Split by business may not add up to the total due to rounding.
[B] Emissions by business for 2019 to 2022 have been restated to reflect the combination of the Integrated Gas and Upstream businesses into a single Integrated Gas and Upstream Directorate, and the Downstream and Renewables and Energy Solutions businesses into a new Downstream, Renewables and Energy Solutions Directorate in July 2023.

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Scope 3 GHG emissions [A] [B]

Unit

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

Ipieca

SASB

GRI

Purchased goods and services (Category 1)

Third-party products [C]

Million tonnes CO₂e

154

144

147

178

CCE-4

–

305-3

Fuel and energy-related activities (not included in Scope 1 or Scope 2) (Category 3)

Third-party power [D]

Million tonnes CO₂e

112

115

136

103

102

CCE-4

–

305-3

Downstream transport and distribution (Category 9)

Sold own energy products [E]

Million tonnes CO₂e

3

5

6

–

305-3

Use of sold products (Category 11)

Use of sold products [F]

Million tonnes CO₂e

878

910

1,010

1,054

1,271

CCE-4

–

305-3

Own production [G]

Million tonnes CO₂e

319

332

380

452

564

CCE-4

–

305-3

Third-party products [H]

Million tonnes CO₂e

559

578

630

602

708

CCE-4

–

305-3

[A]	The values in this table reflect estimated Scope 3 emissions included in our net carbon intensity. This excludes certain contracts held for trading purposes and reported net rather than gross. Business-specific methodologies for net volumes have been applied to oil products, pipeline gas and power. Paper trades that do not result in physical product delivery are excluded. Retail sales volumes from markets where Shell operates under trademark licensing agreements are also excluded from the scope of Shell’s carbon intensity metric.
[B]	Estimated emissions from other Scope 3 categories are published on www.shell.com/ghg. Data for 2023 will be available around June 2024.
[C]	This category includes estimated well-to-tank emissions from purchased third-party refined oil products, natural gas, liquefied natural gas, crude oil and biofuels.
[D]	This category includes estimated well-to-wire emissions from the generation of purchased power included in our net carbon intensity.
[E]	Estimated emissions from the transport and distribution of sold own oil products, crude oil, liquefied natural gas, gas-to-liquids, natural gas and biofuels.
[F]	This category includes estimated emissions from the sales volumes of oil products, natural gas, liquefied natural gas, gas-to-liquids and biofuels.
[G]	This category includes estimated emissions from our refinery production, natural gas, liquefied natural gas, gas-to-liquids and biofuel products.
[H]	Estimated as the difference between own production and total sold products.

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Other greenhouse gas data (operational control) [A]

Unit

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

Ipieca

SASB

GRI

Carbon capture and storage and CO₂ transfer out

CO₂ captured and stored

Million tonnes

1.00

0.97

1.05

0.94

1.13

CCE-3

EM-EP-530a.1

305-5

CO₂ transferred out [A]

Million tonnes

0.25

0.35

0.39

0.30

0.43

CCE-3

EM-EP-530a.1

305-5

Biogenic CO₂

Biogenic CO₂ [B]

Thousand tonnes

19.21

7.94

3.60

0.27

0.00

–

[A]	CO₂ captured and transferred to another organisation (for example, sold or given for free) as product or feedstock, which is not included in our Scope 1 emissions.
[B]	Direct biogenic CO₂, which is not included in our Scope 1 emissions.

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Carbon credits

Unit [B]

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

Ipieca

SASB

GRI

Total carbon credits [A][B]

Included in Shell’s net carbon intensity metric [C]

Million carbon credits

20.0

4.1

5.1

3.9

2.2

–

EM-EP-530a.1

305-5

Excluded from Shell’s net carbon intensity metric [C]

Million carbon credits

1.8

1.7

1.3

0.4

0.5

–

EM-EP-530a.1

305-5

[A]	One carbon credit represents the avoidance or removal of 1 metric tonne of CO₂ equivalent.
[B]	Excludes carbon credit transactions.
[C]	Carbon credits associated with the sale of energy products and carbon credits used to compensate for Shell Group emissions including operational emissions and emissions associated with the use of sold products.
[D]	Carbon credits retired in relation to sales of non-energy products and Shell's internal activity like corporate travel.

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Energy use (operational control) [A]

Unit

2023

2022

2021

2020

2019

Ipieca

SASB

GRI

Total energy use [B]

Million MWh

205

209

238

251

272

CCE-6

–

302-1

Own energy generated

Million MWh

185

187

218

229

244

CCE-6

–

302-1

Imported electricity

Million MWh

18

20

22

27

CCE-6

–

302-1

Imported steam and heat

Million MWh

13

14

13

14

17

CCE-6

–

302-1

Exported electricity

Million MWh

9

7

11

12

10

CCE-6

–

302-1

Exported steam and heat

Million MWh

2

3

2

6

CCE-6

–

302-1

Consumption of energy from renewable sources

Renewable sources - onsite energy generation consumed

Million MWh

0.021

0.017

0.005

n/c

CCE-6

–

302-1

Renewable sources - purchased electricity

Million MWh

2.8

2.2

1.8

1.5

CCE-6

–

302-1

Renewable sources - purchased steam

Million MWh

0.00

0.00

n/c

CCE-6

–

302-1

Renewable sources - electricity exported to grid

Million MWh

4.6

1.9

0.4

CCE-6

–

302-1

Energy intensity

Upstream excl. oil sands, LNG and GTL

GJ/tonne production

1.18

1.19

1.14

1.15

1.07

CCE-6

–

302-3

Refineries: Refinery Energy Index [C]

Index

98.7

95.6

96.9

96.1

94.2

CCE-6

–

302-3

Chemical plants: Chemicals Energy Intensity

GJ/tonne production

20.3

19.3

18.1

18.7

19.4

CCE-6

–

302-3

n/c = not collected
[A]	We have updated some of our historical figures following a review of the data.
[B]	Split by energy category may not add up to the total due to rounding.
[C]	Data are indexed to 2002, based on Solomon Associates Energy Intensity Index methodology.

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